The city has been conquered, fought over and rebuilt many times over the centuries.
Istanbul's history dates back to the first settlement possibly in the 13th Century
BC, although was founded by Byzas the Megarian in the 7th Century BC, from when
the city was named Byzantium. A small colony of Greeks inhabited the area until
3rd Century BC, and over the next 1000 years became a thriving trading and commercial
centre. Whilst continuing life as a trading city during the Roman Empire, it was
then conquered by Emperor Septimus Severius in 193 AD.
During the 4th century, Istanbul was selected by the Roman Empire to be the new
capital, instead of Rome, by Constantine. It was a strategic choice: Built on seven
surrounding hills – echoing that of Rome – the city would have control of the Bosphorus
and easy access to the harbour of the Golden Horn. The city was re-organized within
six years, its ramparts widened and the construction of many temples, official buildings,
palaces, hamams and hippodrome.
With a great ceremony, in the year 330, the city was officially announced as the
capital of the Roman Empire, and known as Constantinople in the late eras.
It remained the capital of the eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) for a long period,
due to the fall of the west Roman Empire in the 5th century. By the sixth century,
the population exceeded half a million, and was considered a golden age under Emperor
Justinyen's reign.
The Byzantium Empire and Istanbul's latter history is full of palace and church
intrigues, was overrun by the Arabs in the 7th and 8th centuries, the Bulgars in
the 9th and 10th, but could not keep out the Crusaders who conquered in 1204. They
destroyed and raided it for many more years - including churches, monasteries and
monuments, which led to a decline in the population. The city passed reign to Byzantium
again in 1261, did not regain its former richness, and was conquered by Turks in
1453 after a 53-day siege and the hands of control changed yet again.
It then became the capital city of Ottoman Empire, which saw a population increase
with immigrants from other parts of the country, with religious freedom and social
rights granted to Greeks, Armenians and Jews. Mehmet the Conqueror began to rebuild
it, with a new palace and mosque (Fatih Camii) and tried to inject new life into
the economy.
The reign of Suleyman the Magnificent (1520-66) was considered the greatest of all
the Ottoman leaders, and the military conquests paid for the most impressive Ottoman
architecture, the work of Mimar Sinan. The city was also the centre of the Islamic
work, and domes and minarets from hundreds of mosques dotted the skyline.
But a century after the death of Suleyman, the Empire started to decline again.
By the end of the 18th century, whilst the empire was in decline with more territory
being lost to the West, and sultans becoming more interested in Western institutional
models. There was a short-lived Ottoman parliament and constitution in 1876, and
by the end of the World War I during which allied troops occupied the city, the
once-great empire was in shambles.
This changed radically with the emergence of a prominent commander of the Turkish
army, who entered the struggle for the Turkish nation. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was
considered a hero after the 4-year long War of Independence, after which he established
the Republic if Turkey in 1923. Moving the capital to Ankara, then a small provincial
town in Anatolia, Istanbul was simply the commercial and cultural centre, which
it still remains today.